How has the share of women in physics evolved across Europe, and where do we see progress, stagnation, or even setbacks?
The following interactive visualizations track the percentage of women enrolled in Physics Bachelor's, Master's, and PhD programmes across different European regions from 2015 to 2024, based on Eurostat data elaborated by atom*innen. Explore how participation changes over time, and follow the academic pipeline from Bachelor studies to doctoral level.
Explore the data
Women enrolled in Physics Bachelor programmes (2015–2024; all years of study) across European countries
Grouped by geographic sub-region (UN M49 classification)
Countries are grouped according to the United Nations Geoscheme (M49 classification, United Nations Statistics Division, 2021), which divides Europe into four geographic sub-regions: Eastern, Western, Southern, and Northern Europe. This classification reflects geographic proximity rather than economic performance, EU membership status, or any policy framework.
The shaded grey bands indicate the sample standard deviation around the group average. All averages are unweighted.
Data extracted from Eurostat, elaborated by atom*innen.
Averages of Female Enrollment (2015-2024, all years of study) in Physics bachelor's programmes by European sub-region — all European countries
Women enrolled in Physics Bachelor programmes (2015–2024; all years of study) across EU countries
Grouped by geographic sub-region (UN M49 classification)
Country groupings follow the United Nations Geoscheme (M49 classification, United Nations Statistics Division, 2021), which divides Europe into four geographic sub-regions: Eastern, Western, Southern, and Northern Europe. In this visualization, only EU member countries are included.
The shaded grey bands indicate the sample standard deviation around the group average. All averages are unweighted.
Data extracted from Eurostat, elaborated by atom*innen.
Averages of Female Enrollment (2015-2024, all years of study) in Physics bachelor's programmes by European sub-region — EU member states
EU Countries are grouped according to their innovation performance as classified by the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) 2024. The EIS is a European Commission tool for monitoring research and innovation performance across EU member states. As a composite index aggregating 32 indicators — covering areas such as research investment, human resources, digitalisation, and intellectual assets — it provides a comparative assessment of national innovation systems.
Countries are assigned to their EIS category based on the 2024 classification: Innovation Leaders (>125% of EU average), Strong Innovators (100–125%), Moderate Innovators (70–100%), Emerging Innovators (<70%). Note that country categories have shifted over 2015–2024, as the EIS index only started in 2018.
Data extracted from Eurostat, elaborated by atom*innen.
Women enrolled in Physics Bachelor programmes (2015–2024) in EU countries grouped by EIS categories
Overview — all group averages by EIS category
EU average: women enrolled in Physics Bachelor programmes in EU countries (2015-2024)
Percentage of Women Studying Physics, by Country
Percentage of women among physics Bachelor's students (2015–2024). Countries with fewer than 340 physics students in any given year – 10 % of the mean enrollment across the 36 compared countries – are excluded from this comparison. Excluded in this dataset: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Estonia, France, Croatia, Iceland, Luxembourg, Latvia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Malta, Slovakia. * Partial data
Click a line for yearly values.
Source: Eurostat, elaborated by atom*innen.
Women enrolled in Physics Master programmes (2015–2024; all years of study) across European countries
Grouped by geographic sub-region (UN M49 classification)
Countries are grouped according to the United Nations Geoscheme (M49 classification, United Nations Statistics Division, 2021), which divides Europe into four geographic sub-regions: Eastern, Western, Southern, and Northern Europe. This classification reflects geographic proximity rather than economic performance, EU membership status, or any policy framework.
The shaded grey bands indicate the sample standard deviation around the group average. All averages are unweighted.
Data extracted from Eurostat, elaborated by atom*innen.
Averages of Female Enrollment (2015-2024, all years of study) in Physics master's programmes by European sub-region — all European countries
Women enrolled in Physics Master programmes (2015–2024; all years of study) across EU countries
Grouped by geographic sub-region (UN M49 classification)
Country groupings follow the United Nations Geoscheme (M49 classification, United Nations Statistics Division, 2021), which divides Europe into four geographic sub-regions: Eastern, Western, Southern, and Northern Europe. In this visualization, only EU member countries are included.
The shaded grey bands indicate the sample standard deviation around the group average. All averages are unweighted.
Data extracted from Eurostat, elaborated by atom*innen.
Averages of Female Enrollment (2015-2024, all years of study) in Physics master's programmes by European sub-region — EU member states
EU Countries are grouped according to their innovation performance as classified by the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) 2024. The EIS is a European Commission tool for monitoring research and innovation performance across EU member states. As a composite index aggregating 32 indicators — covering areas such as research investment, human resources, digitalisation, and intellectual assets — it provides a comparative assessment of national innovation systems.
Countries are assigned to their EIS category based on the 2024 classification: Innovation Leaders (>125% of EU average), Strong Innovators (100–125%), Moderate Innovators (70–100%), Emerging Innovators (<70%). Note that country categories have shifted over 2015–2024, as the EIS index only started in 2018.
Data extracted from Eurostat, elaborated by atom*innen.
Women enrolled in Physics Master programmes (2015–2024) in EU countries grouped by EIS categories
Overview — all group averages by EIS category
EU average: women enrolled in Physics Master programmes in EU countries (2015-2024)
Percentage of Women Studying Physics, by Country
Percentage of women among physics Master's students (2015–2024). Countries with fewer than 112 physics students in any given year – 10 % of the mean enrollment across the 35 compared countries – are excluded from this comparison. Excluded in this dataset: Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, France, Ireland, Iceland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Malta, Slovakia. * Partial data
Click a line for yearly values.
Source: Eurostat, elaborated by atom*innen.
Women enrolled in Physics PhD programmes (2015–2024; all years of study) across European countries
Grouped by geographic sub-region (UN M49 classification)
Countries are grouped according to the United Nations Geoscheme (M49 classification, United Nations Statistics Division, 2021), which divides Europe into four geographic sub-regions: Eastern, Western, Southern, and Northern Europe. This classification reflects geographic proximity rather than economic performance, EU membership status, or any policy framework.
The shaded grey bands indicate the sample standard deviation around the group average. All averages are unweighted.
Data extracted from Eurostat, elaborated by atom*innen.
Averages of Female Enrollment (2015-2024, all years of study) in Physics doctoral programmes by European sub-region — all European countries
Women enrolled in Physics PhD programmes (2015–2024; all years of study) across EU countries
Grouped by geographic sub-region (UN M49 classification)
Country groupings follow the United Nations Geoscheme (M49 classification, United Nations Statistics Division, 2021), which divides Europe into four geographic sub-regions: Eastern, Western, Southern, and Northern Europe. In this visualization, only EU member countries are included.
The shaded grey bands indicate the sample standard deviation around the group average. All averages are unweighted.
Data extracted from Eurostat, elaborated by atom*innen.
Averages of Female Enrollment (2015-2024, all years of study) in Physics doctoral programmes by European sub-region — EU member states
EU Countries are grouped according to their innovation performance as classified by the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) 2024. The EIS is a European Commission tool for monitoring research and innovation performance across EU member states. As a composite index aggregating 32 indicators — covering areas such as research investment, human resources, digitalisation, and intellectual assets — it provides a comparative assessment of national innovation systems.
Countries are assigned to their EIS category based on the 2024 classification: Innovation Leaders (>125% of EU average), Strong Innovators (100–125%), Moderate Innovators (70–100%), Emerging Innovators (<70%). Note that country categories have shifted over 2015–2024, as the EIS index only started in 2018.
Data extracted from Eurostat, elaborated by atom*innen.
Women enrolled in Physics PhD programmes (2015–2024) in EU countries grouped by EIS categories
Overview — all group averages by EIS category
EU average: women enrolled in Physics PhD programmes in EU countries (2015-2024)
Percentage of Women Studying Physics, by Country
Percentage of women among physics doctoral students (2015–2024). Countries with fewer than 70 physics students in any given year – 10 % of the mean enrollment across the 33 compared countries – are excluded from this comparison. Excluded in this dataset: Albania, Cyprus, Estonia, Croatia, Iceland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Malta. * Partial data
Click a line for yearly values.
Source: Eurostat, elaborated by atom*innen.