The charts below show the share of women enrolled in Physics Bachelor programmes across EU member states from 2015 to 2024. Countries are grouped according to their innovation performance as classified by the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) 2024. The EIS is a European Commission tool for monitoring research and innovation performance across EU member states. As a composite index aggregating 32 indicators — covering areas such as research investment, human resources, digitalisation, and intellectual assets — it provides a comparative assessment of national innovation systems.
Countries are assigned to their 2024 EIS category: Innovation Leaders (>125% of EU average), Strong Innovators (100–125%), Moderate Innovators (70–100%), Emerging Innovators (<70%). Note that country categories have shifted over 2015–2024, as the EIS index only started in 2018.
Countries were excluded if the total number of students enrolled in physics fell below 50 in any year of the observation period (e.g. Luxembourg and Malta). Hungary (76.5) and Croatia (81.6) were excluded as their EIS scores fall within a narrow margin of the Emerging/Moderate category boundary (78.8) acannot be assigned a stable category membership across the observation period. Croatia additionally transitioned from the Emerging to the Moderate Innovator category in 2023.
Women enrolled in Physics Bachelor programmes (2015–2024) in EU countries grouped by EIS categories
Country classification based on the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) 2024. Data: Eurostat. Charts: atom*innen.